ABSTRACT Cachaça is a typical Brazilian spirit of significant economic and social relevance. The spirit may contain organic and inorganic contaminants that impair its quality, such as ethyl carbamate (EC), which is potentially carcinogenic. The study of factors that cause EC incidence is extremely important to produce cachaça with good physicochemical and sensory quality and for public health reasons. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze and quantify nitrogen (N) in sugarcane juice and correlate it with the EC levels, with copper (Cu) as precursor, in cachaça from stills, produced from the sugar of three different sugarcane varieties (RB857515, RB966928 and RB855453). We used the plantation systems without fertilization and with organic and conventional fertilization. The EC and Cu levels were below the legislation threshold and the N levels were correlated with EC formation in different planting systems.

RESUMO Folhas de couve lisa e crespa cultivadas em sistema convencional e hidropônico foram analisadas sensorialmente utilizando a técnica sensorial descritiva e afetiva. Foram utilizados quatro híbridos de couve de folha (Brassica oleracea var. acephala), sendo eles: Darkibor em cultivo hidropônico (A), Darkibor cultivado em campo (B), e três híbridos de couve-manteiga, HS2O (C), Arielli (D) e Kobe (E), todas três cultivadas em campo. Os provadores indicaram que os atributos que descreveram o perfil sensorial das folhas de couve apresentaram diferenças significativas. As folhas de couve Darkibor (A) e Arielli (D) apresentaram cor verde mais clara; para formato as couves foram separadas em lisas e crespas; para o gosto amargo Darkibor cultivado em campo (B) e Arielli (D) apresentaram maior intensidade; para o gosto doce a Darkibor (A) apresentou maior intensidade, seguida da Arielli (D) e para crocância e sensação bucal (sensação produzida por um determinado alimento na boca) o híbrido Darkibor cultivado em campo (B) apresentou maior intensidade. No teste de aceitação, a cor foi o único atributo que apresentou diferença entre as couves, onde a couve Darkibor (A) apresentou menor nota. Para intenção de compra das couves em maço, a Darkibor (A) obteve notas inferiores, concluindo que a cor afeta a compra do consumidor.

ABSTRACT Curly and smooth kale hybrids grown in both field (conventional) and hydroponic systems were sensory-analyzed using the descriptive and affective sensory technique. The treatments comprised hydroponic-cultivated Darkibor (A), Darkibor cultivated in field (B), HS2O (C), Arielli (D) and Kobe (E), these last three cultivated under conventional system (field-cultivated). The panelists indicated the significant attributes that described the differences in kale sensory profiles. Darkibor (A) and Arielli (D) kale leaves had the lightest green color. Regarding their format, the kales were classified into smooth and curly. Both the Darkibor grown in field (B) and Arielli (D) had the most intense bitter taste. Darkibor (A) showed the highest intensity for sweet taste, followed by Arielli (D). The field-cultivated Darkibor (B) ranked the highest crispness and mouthfeel (sensation produced by a particular food in the mouth). The color and texture of the kale leaves affected purchase intention by the consumer, and the color showed a difference among the kales, with Darkibor kale (A) receiving the lowest score. Darkibor (A) obtained lower buying-likelihood scores, reinforcing that color affects consumers’ purchase intention.

Resumo O consumo e o cultivo da couve de folha crespa no Brasil são recentes e mostram-se escassas as informações sobre sistemas de produção e sua aceitação pelo consumidor. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar as características sensoriais de couves de folhas crespas cultivadas em sistemas convencional e hidropônico, considerando os tratamentos: cultivo sistema convencional, sem adubação (A), sistema convencional com fertilizantes orgânicos (C, E) e sistema hidropônico (F). As colheitas foram realizadas aos 60, 90 e 120 dias após plantio para as plantas cultivadas em sistema convencional e, aos 30 dias, para o sistema hidropônico. Foi analisado o teor do índice de clorofila total e realizada a análise sensorial de ordenação de diferença e aceitação. O índice de clorofila nas couves de folhas crespas no sistema convencional foi menor em relação ao da couve cultivada em sistema hidropônico. Para teste de ordenação, a cor verde foi mais escura na couve crespa produzida em sistema convencional e, para os demais atributos (aroma, gostos doce e amargo, e crocância), não houve diferença significativa.

Abstract The consumption and cultivation of curly kale in Brazil is recent and information on production systems and their acceptance by the consumer are scarce. The aim of this work was to evaluate the sensory characteristics of curly kales cultivated using the conventional and hydroponic systems, considering the treatments: cultivation under the conventional system, without fertilization (A), conventional system with organic fertilizers (C, E) and hydroponic system (F). The harvests were performed at 60, 90 and 120 days after planting for the plants cultivated using the conventional system and at 30 days for the hydroponic system. The total chlorophyll index content and the sensory analyses of ranking of difference and acceptance were analyzed. The lowest chlorophyll index in the curly kales was verified for the one cultivated under the hydroponic system. In the ranking test, the darkest green color was obtained for the curly kale produced using the conventional system and for the attributes aroma, sweet and bitter taste and crunchiness, there was no significant difference.

The volatile compounds present in cachaça can derive from the raw material used in the production of the beverage, from the fermentative process, from distillation or aging. The aim of the research was to evaluate the volatile compounds, in the cachaças from stills produced with different sugarcane varieties, under the organic and conventional managements. The varieties RB867515, RB962869 and RB85553 were cultivated in three distinct ways, planting without fertilization (OUTF); organic planting (ORGN) and conventional planting (CONV). The results showed that for the total esters, higher alcohols and coefficient of congeners present in the cachaça, the varieties and managements are dependent, unlike volatile acidity, total aldehydes, methyl alcohol and furfural. Therefore, the quality, origin and lineage of the sugarcane variety used for the production of cachaça were confirmed to influence the chemical concentrations of the volatile compounds of the beverage, modifying its chemical profile. It is worth reinforcing that none of the volatiles presented concentration above that allowed by the Brazilian legislation.

ABSTRACT: Ethyl carbamate (EC) (NH2COOCH2CH3) is found in cachaça, and its presence in the beverage is conspicuous for its toxicity. Copper, the metal of choice used in the construction of stills, is also considered a beverage contaminant and is often related to the presence of EC in beverages. The study aimed to monitor the quality of cachaça by measuring the presence of copper and EC, and comparing the influences of sugarcane cultivation systems on the concentration of these contaminants. The varieties, RB 867515, RB 962869 and RB 85553, were cultivated under the following management systems: planting without fertilization; organic planting; and conventional planting. For cultivation, a completely randomized design in a factorial scheme of 3 varieties × 3 managements was used as experimental planning, in 4 replications. The concentrations of copper and EC in beverages were evaluated and submitted to univariate analysis of variance (p ≤ 0.05). The organic and conventional systems presented no significant variations in copper content, both of which are recommended for the planting of sugarcane as raw material for cachaça. From amongst the varieties evaluated, RB966928 presented the lowest concentrations of copper for the organic and conventional systems, and was the most recommended for the production of cachaça. To evaluate the EC concentration (μg L–1) in the cachaças produced, all beverages were considered in accordance with national legislation. Significant differences were observed between them, but the conventional and organic systems are favored for deployment in the cultivation of sugarcane as the raw material of cachaça. The same applies to the RB966928, RB867515 and RB855453 varieties.

ABSTRACT This review aims to demonstrate the possible formation of Ethyl carbamate (EC) in different production stages of cachaça. EC is a carcinogen confirmed in animal experiments and possibly carcinogenic to humans. EC incidence below relevant health limits naturally affects many fermented foods and beverages. Concentrations above 1 mg L–1 are often detected in certain spirits derived from cyanogenic plants. In Brazil, cachaça is widely consumed and therefore consumers are at health risk if they drink EC beverages at high concentrations, since the amount of EC in cachaça (sugar cane brandy) constantly exceeds the threshold 0.21 mg L–1, damaging the health of consumers and hindering exportation to North America and Europe. Many studies have reported on EC formation at different stages of the cachaça production process. Most studies refer to EC formation during fermentation and distillation. In fermentation, reaction occurs between ethanol and nitrogen precursors, such as urea (H2NCONH2) and cyanide (CN–) to form EC. In distillation, cupric ions catalyze cyanide conversion from EC; however, in discontinuous distillation, the bottling fraction of cachaça reduced EC concentration. Although this review describes the possible routes of EC formation at different production stages of cachaça, it presents some studies on EC reduction in alcoholic beverages.

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o processo de hidrólise da sacarose pela ação de enzimas presentes em leveduras de panificação (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)em solução de açúcar VHP e caldo de cana-de-açúcar. Também foi avaliado a produção e caracterização de melado de cana-de-açúcar com inversão parcial da sacarose por adição de leveduras de panificação nas condições selecionadas. Verificou-se que é possível hidrolisar parcialmente a sacarose do caldo de cana-de-açúcar pela ação de enzimas presentes no fermento de panificação, e que o melado fabricado desta forma atende às especificações sendo inclusive preferido entre os consumidores. Os resultados obtidos indicaram uma solução viável e de baixo custo para a produção de melados com teor de açúcares redutores em torno de 30% (com adição de 0,010% de fermento biológico seco instantâneo - FBSI), garantindo assim melhor estabilidade em relação à cristalização da sacarose.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the process of sucrose hydrolysis by the action of enzymes present in baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)in a solution of VHP sugar and sugarcane juice. The production and characterization of sugarcane syrups with partial sucrose inversion by the addition of baker’s yeasts on the selected conditions was also evaluated. It was verified that the sucrose from sugarcane juice was partially hydrolyzed by the action of enzymes present in the baker’s yeast, and that the syrups produced in this way meet the specifications, being even preferred among consumers. The results obtained indicated a viable and low-cost solution to produce sugarcane syrups with reducing sugar content around 30% (by the addition of 0.010% of instant dry yeast), thus guaranteeing a better stability in relation to sucrose crystallization.

A cachaça, produzida a partir da cana-de-açúcar, é considerada uma bebida genuinamente brasileira. A melhoria na qualidade da cachaça contribuiu para maior aceitação no mercado e maior volume de produção e exportação. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se as variedades (RB 867515, RB 966928 e RB 855453) e manejos de cultivos da cana-de-açúcar (sem adubação, orgânico e convencional) influenciam nas características sensoriais da cachaça. Utilizou-se a Análise Descritiva por Ordenação (ADO) e a aceitação. Os resultados mostraram a existência de diferenciação sensorial entre as bebidas de diferentes variedades e manejos. Estes, por sua vez, influenciaram os atributos sensoriais, avaliados por meio da ADO. Na opinião dos avaliadores durante a análise sensorial de aceitação, a cor não foi fator de diferenciação entre as bebidas, o aroma, sabor, corpo e impressão global podem ter influênciado na aceitação das cachaças produzidas a partir das variedades RB 855453 e RB 867515, na modalidade de manejo orgânico.

Cachaça, produced from sugar cane, is considered a genuine Brazilian drink. The improvement in the quality of cachaça contributed to greater acceptance in the market and greater volume of production and export. The objective of this study was to evaluate if the varieties (RB 867515, RB 966928 and RB 855453) and sugar cane crop management (without organic and conventional fertilization) influence the sensorial characteristics of cachaça. Descriptive Analysis by Ordination (ADO) and acceptance were used. The results showed the existence of sensorial differentiation between the drinks of different varieties and managements. These, in turn, influenced the sensory attributes, evaluated through ADO. In the opinion of the evaluators during the sensorial analysis of acceptance, color was not a factor of differentiation among beverages, aroma, flavor, body and overall impression may have influence of the acceptance of cachaças produced from varieties RB 855453 and RB 867515, in the organic management modality.

RESUMO Plantar novos tipos de tangerinas é uma alternativa interessante para os citricultores brasileiros, devido ao crescente mercado interno. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar uma nova variedade de tangerina, a Fremont. A qualidade física e química da fruta e do suco (massa, cor da casca, rendimento de suco, acidez, teor de sólidos solúveis e ratio) foi avaliada, seguido por testes sensoriais para ordenar a diferença e preferência em relação às variedades clementina Nules e tangerina Ponkan. A tangerina Fremont produz frutos que atendem aos padrões exigidos pelo mercado consumidor brasileiro, com massa apropriada para a venda como fruta fresca, rendimento de suco adequado, maturação precoce a meia-estação. Além disso, teve a preferência, junto com a clementina Nules, quando comparado com a tangerina Ponkan, a principal variedade comercial no Brasil.

ABSTRACT Planting new types of tangerines is an interesting alternative for Brazilian citrus growers due to the increasing domestic market. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate a less exploited variety of tangerine, the Fremont. The physics and chemical quality of the fruit and juice (mass, peel color, juice yield, acidity, soluble solids and maturation index) was evaluated, followed by sensory testing for ranking of difference and preference to Nules clementine and Ponkan tangerine varieties. The Fremont tangerine produces fruits that meet the standards required by the Brazilian consumer market, with an appropriate mass for sale of the fresh fruit, a suitable juice yield, and early to mid-season maturation. Furthermore, et the preference, together with the Nules clementine, when compared to the Ponkan tangerine, wich is the main commercial variety in Brazil.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito da fermentação espontânea/fermento natural (NF) sobre a qualidade fisico-química e aceitabilidade da cachaça, comparando-se com o fermento comercial (CF). O efeito do envelhecimento (maturação) da bebida foi também avaliado. Análises microbiológicas (plaqueamento em meios seletivos para contagem de leveduras totais/selvagens e bactérias) e físico-químicas (pH, acidez e sólidos solúveis) foram conduzidas nas amostras do mosto e do fermento coletadas durante três ciclos fermentativos (escala semi-industrial). Amostras de cachaça foram armazenadas em barris de carvalho de 5 litros por 45 dias, seguindo-se a análise físico-química (pH, acidez, teor alcoolico, cobre e compostos secundários) e de aceitabilidade sensorial (aroma, sabor, cor, corpo e impressão global). A fermentação com NF mostrou maior número de leveduras selvagens; no entanto, não houve diferença significativa no número de bactérias quando comparada com CF. Uma intensa acidificação foi observada durante o preparo de NF, a qual foi verificada nos ciclos iniciais da fermentação, decrescendo a seguir. As alterações na composição da cachaça foram mais significativas em relação à maturação do que ao tipo de fermento, com exceção da acidez. No entanto, houve uma perda significativa de aroma, sabor e impressão global após a maturação na cachaça produzida com CF. Os resultados revelaram uma forte interação entre fermento e envelhecimento (maturação) da bebida, sugerindo que substâncias produzidas pelos microrganismos a partir de inóculos diferentes reagiram diferentemente com componentes da madeira dos barris, influenciando nos atributos sensoriais de aceitabilidade.

This study verified the effect of the spontaneous fermentation/natural ferment (NF) on the chemo-sensory quality of cachaça, comparing to the commercial ferment (CF). The effect of ageing (maturation) was also analysed in the beverage. Microbiological analysis (plating on selective media for total/wild yeast and bacteria counting) and physico-chemical analysis (pH, acidity and soluble solids) were performed in the samples of the must and the ferment collected during three cycles of fermentation in a semi-industrial scale. Samples of cachaça were stored in 5-L oak containers for 45 days, subsequently analyzing the physico-chemical characteristics (pH, acidity, alcohol content, copper and secondary compounds) and sensory acceptability (aroma, flavour, colour, body and global impression). The fermentation with NF showed higher number of wild yeasts; however there was no difference in the number of bacteria comparing to CF. An intense acidification occurred during the preparation of NF, which was also observed in the initial cycles of fermentation, but decreased afterwards. Greater alterations in cachaça composition were found to be more exclusively related to the maturation than to the type of ferment, except for the acidity. However, there was a significant loss of aroma, flavour and global impression after maturation but only in cachaça produced with the CF. The results revealed a strong interaction between ferment and maturation of the beverage, suggesting that substances produced by the microorganisms from different inocula during fermentation reacted differently with the wood components of the barrels influencing the sensory attributes.

Este estudo foi conduzido para descrever o perfil sensorial do palmito de pupunha. A análise descritiva quantitativa (ADQ) foi utilizada para descrever os atributos sensoriais relacionados à aparência, aroma, e textura de três marcas comerciais de palmito de pupunha. As amostras foram avaliadas por uma equipe selecionada com onze provadores e foram definidos nove atributos sensoriais: cor amarela, aparência uniforme e úmida, aroma e sabor não característicos, sabor acido, residual acido e textura macia. Houve diferenças significativas em seis atributos entre as três marcas testadas. Os provadores descreveram os palmitos de pupunha como: cor amarela clara, aparência uniforme e úmida, aroma e sabor não característicos e sabor ácido com valores intermediários, residual acido e amargor final com valores de pouco e textura muito macia a uma textura intermediária.

This research was carried out to establish the sensory profile of pejibaye palm heart. The quantitative descriptive analysis was used to establish the sensory attributes related to appearance, flavor, taste and texture of tree commercial marks of pejibaye palm heart. These samples were evaluated by eleven trained panelists who described nine sensory attributes: yellow color, uniform and humid appearance, non-characteristic aroma and flavor, acid flavor, residual acid taste, and soft texture. There were significant differences in six attributes among the three tested marks. Panelists described the pejibaye palm heart as: light yellow color, uniform and humid appearance, non-characteristic aroma and flavor, acid flavor with medium values, acid residual taste and bitterness final taste from little values and high soft texture to an medium value texture.

Queijos Mozarela de leite de búfala obtidos pelo método tradicional e da acidificação direta foram submetidos ao teste descritivo de perfil livre, utilizando-se 10 provadores pré-selecionados através do teste triangular. Inicialmente, os provadores realizaram o levantamento de atributos através do método Rede (Kelly's Repertory Grid). A seguir, foram elaboradas para cada provador, as listas de definições de atributos e das fichas de avaliação com escalas não estruturadas de 9 pontos. As amostras de cada processamento foram avaliadas com 3 repetições. No total, foram realizadas 14 sessões, sendo 3 para a seleção dos provadores, 2 para levantamento de atributos, 1 para checagem das fichas e 9 para avaliação das amostras. Os dados foram analisados pela Análise Procrustes Generalizada, utilizando o programa Procrustes PC. Os resultados mostraram que houve uma alta repetibilidade entre os provadores, assim como entre os processamentos. As amostras foram diferenciadas principalmente pelos atributos de aparência e textura. O queijo Mozarela elaborado pelo método tradicional apresentou cor mais branca, maior firmeza e elasticidade. O queijo elaborado pela acidificação direta, apresentou-se mais macio, com maior umidade e coloração esverdeada. Pode-se concluir que o método do Perfil Livre foi eficiente para o estudo com 2 amostras.

Mozzarella cheese from buffalo milk elaborated by the traditional and direct acidification methods were evaluated using the Free Profile Descriptive test by 10 pre-selected panelists in a triangular test. Initially, the panelists accomplished the rising of attributes through the Kelly's Repertory Grid Method. The lists of attributes definitions associated to a non-structured scales of 9 points were elaborated for each panelist. The samples of both processing methods were appraised with 3 repetitions. Fourteen sessions were accomplished: 3 for the panelists selection, 2 for rising of attributes, 1 to check the records and 9 for samples evaluation. Data were analyzed using the Generalized Procrustes Analysis. Results showed a high repeatability of the panelists, as well as between the processing methods. The samples were differentiated mainly by the appearance and texture attributes. The Mozzarella cheese elaborated by direct acidification was softer, with higher humidity and presented a greenish color. The Mozzarella cheese elaborated by traditional method has higher firmness and elasticity. The Free Choice Profile method was efficient in this study with 2 samples.

O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de doses de radiações sobre as características sensoriais do suco fresco de laranja variedade 'Pêra' (Citrus sinensis L) conservado sob refrigeração. Utilizou-se amostras de suco de laranja refrigerado (controle) e suco de laranja refrigerado irradiado com 1,5 e 3,0kGy por hora (Cobalto60), armazenadas a 4ºC por 1, 7, 14 e 21 dias a 4ºC. Para a análise sensorial realizou-se a Análise Descritiva Quantitativa, na qual provadores selecionados e treinados avaliaram a aparência, aroma, sabor e textura oral dos sucos. As doses de radiação alteraram características de aparência como cor, brilho e grumosidade. As amostras de suco irradiados apresentaram coloração amarelo mais claro, maior brilho e menor grumosidade que o suco controle. Os sucos irradiados apresentaram também maior intensidade de aroma cozido, passado e artificial, gosto ácido, amargo, sabor cozido, de sumo, passado e de laranja artificial. As doses de radiação utilizadas alteraram as características de corpo e adstringência. A cor e a grumosidade do suco não irradiado intensificaram-se com o tempo de armazenamento. Com base nos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que a irradiação do suco promoveu alterações nas características sensoriais.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the characteristics of the irradiated fresh of 'Pera' sweet orange (Citrus sinnensis L.) juice and kept refrigerated. Samples of orange juice (control) and samples irradiated with 1.5 and 3.0kGy per hour (Cobalt 60) were stored for 1, 7, 14 and 21 days at 4ºC. Quantitative Descriptive Analysis was conducted by a selected trained panels that evaluated appearance, aroma, flavor and texture of juices. Radiation levels affected appearance characteristics as color, shine and gummy. Irradiated juice resulted more clear and shinny and less gummy, more cooked, with past and artificial aroma, more acid, bitter, cooked, sap, past and with accentuated artificial orange than the control. Irradiation levels affected texture characteristics as body and astringency, homogeneity attribute was not affected. Color and gummy of control sample intensified with the increase of storage periods. Results lead juice irradiation promoted negatively on sensorial characteristic.

Foram elaborados fiambres (emulsões) curados e defumados com carne de poedeiras leves e óleos vegetais, e foi feita a sua comparação com produto semelhante, obtido com carne de frangos de corte. Na desossa manual dos cortes, obteve-se um rendimento médio de 14,73% para peito, 14,91% para pernas e coxas e 2,46% para as coxinhas das asas, em relação ao peso da carcaça (média de 1195,81g). A carne mista foi obtida a partir de 14,73% de carne branca (peito) e 17,37% de carne escura (pernas e coxas e coxinhas das asas). O rendimento final na obtenção do produto foi de 113,50%, em relação à carne mista; em relação à carcaça congelada, de 34,34%. Quanto à composição química, os produtos apresentaram, em média, 64,76% de umidade, 13,91% de proteína, 16,62% de lipídios, 3,00% de cinzas, pH 6,21. O rendimento foi de 94,96%, após o processamento térmico e resfriamento. Os fiambres foram submetidos à análise sensorial. Quanto ao sabor, os produtos elaborados com carne de poedeira e óleo de soja foram superiores ao produto controle e não houve diferença significativa quando elaborados com óleo de milho. Apresentaram-se mais macios os elaborados com carne de frango e óleo de soja, em relação à carne de galinha. Para a avaliação de suculência, não ocorreram diferenças significativas. A cor dos fiambres elaborados com carne de poedeira foi mais atrativa que a carne dos produtos elaborados com carne de frango. Quanto à qualidade global, os fiambres elaborados com carne de poedeira e óleo de soja foram os preferidos pelos provadores, em relação à carne de frango com o mesmo óleo.

Cured and smoked chicken loaves (emulsion type) were prepared with light weight hen (Leghorn) meat and vegetable oils (soybean, corn, sunflower, and canola). Broiler (Hubbard Peterson) meat was also used, for comparison. When deboning hen carcasses, average yields of 14.73% breast meat, 14.91% legs, and 2.46% wings were found. The yield was 14.73% for light meat, and 17.37% for dark meat. Carcass weight averaged 1195.81g. As an average, 34.34kg of loaf were obtained from 100kg of hen carcasses, and 113.50kg of product were prepared from 100kg of boned light and dark meat. The final products had the following averaged chemical composition: 64.76% moisture, 13.91% protein, 16.62% fat, and 3.00% ash; pH was 6.21. Thermal processing yield averaged 94.96%. In sensory analysis, the flavor of chicken loaves prepared with hen meat and soybean oil was significantly better than that of products prepared with broiler meat and the same oil. No significant difference was found when products were made with corn oil. Tenderness was favored when broiler meat and soybean oil were used, with relation to hen meat. No significant differences were found for juiciness. Loaves prepared with hen meat had a better color. In the overall quality evaluation, loaves made with hen meat and soybean oil were better than products prepared with broiler meat and the same oil.